| This paper applies broad ecological theory, drawn from larger science, to understand interdependences among offenders, targets and guardians. It considers not only symbioses but also non-symbiotic relationships among crime participants. It distinguishes predatory crimes from parasitic crimes. It separates mutualism from commensalism, with examples. Ecological theory and knowledge has grown quite a bit since Mackenzie, Shaw, McKay, and Hawley took a peek into that world. |
Updated 05/20/2006